Fc-effector and immune-cell function: ADCC, ADCP, CDC, T-cell and NK cytotoxicity, MLR, Treg suppression, T-cell activation and proliferation. Safety and immunogenicity: cytokine release and CRS panels by CBA or ELISA, ELISpot, ADA, hemagglutination, platelet activation by CD62P, FACS binding and cell-based avidity. Immunology-adjacent: vaccine immunogenicity using dendritic cell and T-cell co-culture, neutrophil ROS and chemotaxis, and drug stability in serum or whole blood. Cell induction and expansion services and irradiated PBMC run alongside these.